Coal in Alaska requirements to enhance environmentally sound use in both domestic and Pacific Rim markets

This document originates from three meetings held in 1989 with the leaders of the Alaskan Coal Industry and coal technologists from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)~ Mineral Industry Research Laboratory (MIRL) and Geophysical Institute - University of Alaska Fairbanks, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, the Alaska Science and Technology Commission, several of the Alaska Native Corporations, and a number of coal experts from private industries. The information included is intended to illustrate the vast resource base and quality of Alaskan coals, show the projected size of the Pacific Rim steam coal market, discuss policy changes necessary to facilitate the development of an expanded coal industry, and describe the technology development needs for Alaskan coals to compete in the world market. It is aimed at increasing the general knowledge about the potential of coal in Alaska and providing data for use in marketing the resource.Prepared for the Governor and Legislators - State of Alaska under the Direction of Dr. Henry Cole, Science and Technology Advisor. Technical Editor - Dr. Warrack G. Willson, Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota; and Mineral Industry Research Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Co-authors - W. (Bill) Irwin, Consultant, Calgary, Alberta; Dr. John Sims, Usibelli Coal Mine Inc.; Dr. p.o. Rao, Mineral Industry Research Laboratory; and Bill Noll, Suneel Alaska Corp

LGBTQIA Students’ Perceptions of Level of Care in Relation to Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, and Asexual (LGBTQIA) individuals are elevated risk for mental health issues and seek counseling art higher rates than Non-LGBTQIA individuals. In this study, 48 LGBTQIA students completed a survey to ascertain their perceptions on whether or not the college counseling center was a safe place to discuss issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Results showed that LGBTQIA did believe the counseling center was a safe place to discuss issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity but also identified that additional resources and counselor education on LGBTQIA issues could be help improve the LGBTQIA students’ perception of level of care at the counseling center

Discovery of a Binary Centaur

We have identified a binary companion to (42355) 2002 CR46 in our ongoing deep survey using the Hubble Space Telescope's High Resolution Camera. It is the first companion to be found around an object in a non-resonant orbit that crosses the orbits of giant planets. Objects in orbits of this kind, the Centaurs, have experienced repeated strong scattering with one or more giant planets and therefore the survival of binaries in this transient population has been in question. Monte Carlo simulations suggest, however, that binaries in (42355) 2002 CR46 -like heliocentric orbits have a high probability of survival for reasonable estimates of the binary's still-unknown system mass and separation. Because Centaurs are thought to be precursors to short period comets, the question of the existence of binary comets naturally arises; none has yet been definitively identified. The discovery of one binary in a sample of eight observed by HST suggests that binaries in this population may not be uncommon.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, 1 table accepted for publication in Icaru

Doan ye cry, ma Honey

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Tradable Air Pollution Permits in the Overall Regulatory System: Problems of Regulatory Interactions

Because many environmental problems are associated with the production and use of energy, it is not surprising that the effects of policies in the two areas are often interdependent. This paper explores the interactions between the feasibility of an efficient market for emissions permits for sulfur oxides and the current state of air pollution, public utility and natural gas regulation. It shows how some of the opposition to tradable emissions permits can be traced to proposals to implement the reforms that redistribute wealth and the burden of regulatory uncertainty in ways that have greater economic impact than the potential efficiency gains of a market approach. It also examines how a tradable permits market and other regulatory reforms can be designed so as to avoid most of these problems

Designing a Market for Tradable Emissions Permits

The economics literature shows that tradable emissions permits have important theoretical advantages over source-specific technical standards as a means for controlling pollution. But efficient, competitive markets in emissions may also be difficult to implement: transactions may be few with high negotiation costs; the market may be highly concentrated. Simple workable versions of the market concept may fail to take account of important complexities in the relationship between the pattern of emissions and the geographical distribution of pollution. This paper examines the feasibility of tradable permits, given these potential problems. Although the empirical part of the paper deals with a specific case—particulate sulfates in the Los Angeles airshed—the methods developed for investigating these issues have general applicability. Moreover, the particular market design that is proposed—an auction process that involves no net revenue collection by the state—has attractive features as a general model

Crucial roles of Pox neuro in the developing ellipsoid body and antennal lobes of the Drosophila brain.

The paired box gene Pox neuro (Poxn) is expressed in two bilaterally symmetric neuronal clusters of the developing adult Drosophila brain, a protocerebral dorsal cluster (DC) and a deutocerebral ventral cluster (VC). We show that all cells that express Poxn in the developing brain are postmitotic neurons. During embryogenesis, the DC and VC consist of only 20 and 12 neurons that express Poxn, designated embryonic Poxn-neurons. The number of Poxn-neurons increases only during the third larval instar, when the DC and VC increase dramatically to about 242 and 109 Poxn-neurons, respectively, virtually all of which survive to the adult stage, while no new Poxn-neurons are added during metamorphosis. Although the vast majority of Poxn-neurons express Poxn only during third instar, about half of them are born by the end of embryogenesis, as demonstrated by the absence of BrdU incorporation during larval stages. At late third instar, embryonic Poxn-neurons, which begin to express Poxn during embryogenesis, can be easily distinguished from embryonic-born and larval-born Poxn-neurons, which begin to express Poxn only during third instar, (i) by the absence of Pros, (ii) their overt differentiation of axons and neurites, and (iii) the strikingly larger diameter of their cell bodies still apparent in the adult brain. The embryonic Poxn-neurons are primary neurons that lay out the pioneering tracts for the secondary Poxn-neurons, which differentiate projections and axons that follow those of the primary neurons during metamorphosis. The DC and the VC participate only in two neuropils of the adult brain. The DC forms most, if not all, of the neurons that connect the bulb (lateral triangle) with the ellipsoid body, a prominent neuropil of the central complex, while the VC forms most of the ventral projection neurons of the antennal lobe, which connect it ipsilaterally to the lateral horn, bypassing the mushroom bodies. In addition, Poxn-neurons of the VC are ventral local interneurons of the antennal lobe. In the absence of Poxn protein in the developing brain, embryonic Poxn-neurons stall their projections and cannot find their proper target neuropils, the bulb and ellipsoid body in the case of the DC, or the antennal lobe and lateral horn in the case of the VC, whereby the absence of the ellipsoid body neuropil is particularly striking. Poxn is thus crucial for pathfinding both in the DC and VC. Additional implications of our results are discussed